Fig: From Herdman, 1923. Public Domain from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wyville_Thomson#/media/File:FMIB_36374_Sir_Wyville_Thomson.jpeg

Background image: HMS Challenger by Mitchell, William Frederick, 1881. Public Domain from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)#/media/File:HMS_challenger_William_Frederick_Mitchell.jpg

References:

Cowen, R.C., 1960. Frontiers of the Sea. Doubleday. pp. 22-44.

Herdman, S.W.A., 1923. Founders of oceanography and their work: an introduction to the science of the sea (pp. 37-98). E. Arnold. - Fig